Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) is the pathogen that causes
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As of 25 May 2020, the outbreak of COVID-19 has …

Few human pathogens have been the focus of as much concentrated worldwide attention as
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of COVID-19. Its …

A key goal to controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is developing an effective
vaccine. Development of a vaccine requires knowledge of what constitutes a protective …

To date, seven identified coronaviruses (CoVs) have been found to infect humans; of these,
three highly pathogenic variants have emerged in the 21st century. The newest member of …

Chemokines are crucial inflammatory mediators needed during an immune response to
clear pathogens. However, their excessive release is the main cause of hyperinflammation …

Abstract Human coronaviruses, especially COVID-19, is an emerging pandemic infectious
disease with high morbidity and mortality. Coronaviruses are associated with comorbidities …

Human coronaviruses (hCoVs) can be divided into low pathogenic and highly pathogenic
coronaviruses. The low pathogenic CoVs infect the upper respiratory tract and cause mild …

COVID-19 is causing a major once-in-a-century global pandemic. The scientific and clinical
community is in a race to define and develop effective preventions and treatments. The …

Highly pathogenic human respiratory coronaviruses cause acute lethal disease
characterized by exuberant inflammatory responses and lung damage. However, the factors …

Background Zoonotically transmitted coronaviruses are responsible for three disease
outbreaks since 2002, including the current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2 …