Abstract Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been established as the functional
host receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the virus …

ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) has a multiplicity of physiological roles that
revolve around its trivalent function: a negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system …

The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2 causes COVID-19, a pandemic threatening millions. As
protective immunity does not exist in humans and the virus is capable of escaping innate …

Causes of mortality from COVID‐19 include respiratory failure, heart failure, and
sepsis/multiorgan failure. TLR4 is an innate immune receptor on the cell surface that …

The dysfunction of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been observed in coronavirus
infection disease (COVID-19) patients, but whether RAS inhibitors, such as angiotensin …

SARS-CoV-2 has caused tens of thousands of infections and more than one thousand
deaths. There are currently no registered therapies for treating coronavirus infections …

Systemic arterial hypertension (referred to as hypertension herein) is a major risk factor of
mortality worldwide, and its importance is further emphasized in the context of the novel …

Here, we review the most recent findings on the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on kidney
diseases, including acute kidney injury, and examine the potential effects of ARBs on the …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a pandemic condition caused by the new
coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The typical symptoms are fever, cough, shortness of breath …

Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic progressive lung disease that steadily leads to lung
architecture disruption and respiratory failure. The development of pulmonary fibrosis is …