C-type lectins (CTLs) represent the most complex family of animal/human lectins that
comprises 17 different groups. During evolution, CTLs have developed by diversification to …

Helminth infections are ubiquitous worldwide and can trigger potent immune responses that
differ from and potentially antagonize host protective responses to microbial pathogens. In …

The major soil-transmitted helminths that infect humans are the roundworms, whipworms
and hookworms. Soil-transmitted helminth infections rank among the most important …

Both intestinal helminth parasites and certain bacterial microbiota species have been
credited with strong immunomodulatory effects. Recent studies reported that the presence of …

Patients and physicians often have many questions regarding the role of complementary
and alternative medicines (CAMs), or nonallopathic therapies, for inflammatory bowel …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are well-established as major players in the regulation of immune
responses. They either induce inflammatory or tolerogenic responses, depending on the DC …

Trichuris (whipworm) infects 1 billion people worldwide and causes a disease (trichuriasis)
that results in major socioeconomic losses in both humans and pigs. Trichuriasis relates to …

Trichinella spiralis has the unique ability to make itself “at home” by creating and hiding in a
new type of cell in the host body that is the nurse cell. From this immunologically privileged …

Some helminths are major human pathogens. Recently, however, increased understanding
of the immunoregulatory responses induced by this class of parasites, in combination with …

Background: In recent years, Trichuris suis ova (TSO) therapy in inflammatory bowel disease
(IBD) has attracted much attention. However, efficacy and safety of TSO therapy are still not …