Phosphorus, a 5A element with atomic weight of 31, comprises just over 0.6% of the
composition by weight of plants and animals. Three isotopes are available for studying …

The physiological process of biomineralization is complex and deviation from it leads to a
variety of diseases. Progress in the past 10 years has enhanced understanding of the …

Maxillofacial hard tissue defects caused by trauma or infection often affect craniofacial
function. Taking the natural hard tissue structure as a template, constructing an engineered …

The primary cilium is a signaling compartment that interprets Hedgehog signals through
changes of its protein, lipid, and second messenger compositions. Here, we combine …

Osteosarcoma (OS), which occurs most commonly in adolescents, is associated with a high
degree of malignancy and poor prognosis. In order to develop an accurate treatment for OS …

Bone is a complex organ maintained by three main cell types: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and
osteocytes. During bone formation, osteoblasts deposit a mineralized organic matrix …

Calcification of the arterial wall and valves is an important part of the pathophysiological
process of peripheral and coronary atherosclerosis, aortic stenosis, ageing, diabetes, and …

Increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD)
represents an emerging major health problem. Indeed, disturbances in mineral and bone …

Inorganic phosphate is a vital constituent of cells and cell membranes, body fluids, and hard
tissues. It is a major intracellular divalent anion, participates in many genetic, energy and …

Biomineralization is remarkably diverse and provides myriad functions across many
organismal systems. Biomineralization processes typically produce hardened, hierarchically …