Cognitive processes such as perception, learning, memory and decision making play an
important role in mate choice, foraging and many other behaviours. In this review, I …

This review identifies four receiver psychology perspectives that are likely to be important in
the design and evolution of warning signals. Three of these perspectives (phobia, learning …

Avoiding Attack discusses the diversity of mechanisms by which prey avoid predator attacks
and explores how such defensive mechanisms have evolved through natural selection. It …

Aposematism is the association, in a prey organism, of the presence of a warning signal with
unprofitability to predators. The origin of aposematism is puzzling, because of its predicted …

The poison frogs (family Dendrobatidae) are terrestrial anuran amphibians displaying a
wide range of coloration and toxicity. These frogs generally have been considered to be …

Aposematic species, which signal conspicuously of their unprofitability to predators, have
puzzled evolutionary biologists for over a century,. Although conspicuousness of …

The idea that an aposematic prey combines crypsis at a distance with conspicuousness
close up was tested in an experiment using human subjects. We estimated detectability of …

It is widely argued that defended prey have tended to evolve conspicuous traits because
predators more readily learn to avoid defended prey when they are conspicuous. However …

Aposematism is one of the great mysteries of evolutionary biology. The evolution of
aposematic coloration is poorly understood, but even less understood is the evolution of …

Among the various properties of visual warning signals, colour seems to be especially
important for avian predators. We tested the role of particular colours of an aposematic …