Biologic immunomodulatory medications have rapidly expanded in the previous decades,
providing new treatment options for individuals with a spectrum of oncologic, allergic …

Background Abatacept (ABA) is a fusion receptor protein containing the CTLA-4 domain that
prevents the activation of naïve T cells by binding the CD80 and CD86 molecules expressed …

SIR, Abatacept (CTLA4-Ig) is a T cell co-stimulation modulator approved for the treatment of
RA [1]. In contrast to the published experience with anti-TNF agents, data on the safety of …

The management of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is complex and depends upon multiple
factors including clinical variables (eg, the presence or absence of liver inflammation and/or …

Although biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) have improved the
quality of life of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, side effects remain a problem, especially …

Owing to the sensitive equilibrium between the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the host's
immune system in infected and exposed individuals, the immunosuppression caused by …

Targeting the pathogenic pathway of chronic inflammation represents an unmet challenge
for controlling disease activity, preventing functional disability, and maintaining an adequate …

Background Until recently, the role of antiviral prophylaxis in preventing hepatitis B virus
(HBV) reactivation during immunosuppressive therapy or chemotherapy in patients with …

We often encounter rheumatological patients coinfected with hepatitis B in daily practice. In
this paper, we will discuss the basic characteristics of the virus of hepatitis B, course of …

Introduction Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in kidney transplant recipients has been
reported in 3% to 9% of anti-HBc antibody (HBcAb)-positive HBs antigen (HBsAg)-negative …