Mutations and evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

N Magazine, T Zhang, Y Wu, MC McGee, G Veggiani… - Viruses, 2022 - mdpi.com
The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mediates target recognition, cellular entry, and ultimately the
viral infection that leads to various levels of COVID-19 severities. Positive evolutionary …

SARS-CoV-2 non-structural proteins and their roles in host immune evasion

ZY Low, NZ Zabidi, AJW Yip, A Puniyamurti, VTK Chow… - Viruses, 2022 - mdpi.com
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused an unprecedented global crisis and
continues to threaten public health. The etiological agent of this devastating pandemic …

Human serum from SARS-CoV-2-vaccinated and COVID-19 patients shows reduced binding to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant

M Schubert, F Bertoglio, S Steinke, PA Heine… - BMC medicine, 2022 - Springer
Background The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2. In
November 2021, the Omicron variant was discovered and immediately classified as a …

Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant spike protein shows an increased affinity to the human ACE2 receptor: an in silico analysis

JT Ortega, B Jastrzebska, HR Rangel - Pathogens, 2021 - mdpi.com
The rise of SARS-CoV-2 variants, with changes that could be related to an increased virus
pathogenicity, have received the interest of the scientific and medical community. In this …

Key mutations in the spike protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 affecting neutralization resistance and viral internalization

Q Wang, SB Ye, ZJ Zhou, AL Song… - Journal of Medical …, 2023 - Wiley Online Library
To control the ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic, a variety of severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) vaccines have been developed. However, the rapid mutations …

Mutational pattern, impacts and potential preventive strategies of omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant infection

E Chekol Abebe, M Tiruneh G/Medhin… - Infection and Drug …, 2022 - Taylor & Francis
Since the emergence of COVID 19, the authentic SARS-CoV-2 has evolved into a range of
novel variants that are of more global concern. In late November 2021, the Omicron (lineage …

Significance of conserved regions in coronavirus spike protein for developing a novel vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection

TA Olukitibi, Z Ao, B Warner, R Unat, D Kobasa, X Yao - Vaccines, 2023 - mdpi.com
Over the years, several distinct pathogenic coronaviruses have emerged, including the
pandemic SARS-CoV-2, which is difficult to curtail despite the availability of licensed …

Innate immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection

G Schiuma, S Beltrami, D Bortolotti, S Rizzo, R Rizzo - Microorganisms, 2022 - mdpi.com
An efficient host immune response is crucial in controlling viral infections. Despite most
studies focused on the implication of T and B cell response in COVID-19 (Corona Virus …

SARS-CoV-2 variants: Impact on biological and clinical outcome

S Mahilkar, S Agrawal, S Chaudhary, S Parikh… - Frontiers in …, 2022 - frontiersin.org
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that was first identified
in December 2019, in Wuhan, China was found to be the etiological agent for a novel …

Cathepsins and SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: From pathogenic factors to potential therapeutic targets

S Zhao, M Jiang, H Qing, J Ni - British Journal of Pharmacology, 2023 - Wiley Online Library
Abstract Coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) is caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome‐coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection. The COVID‐19 pandemic began in …