Oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS)
production and the endogenous antioxidant defense system, leading to cellular damage …

G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of membrane proteins in
the human genome and are important therapeutic targets. During the last decade, the …

Macrophages play an important role in the innate and adaptive immune responses of organ
systems, including the lungs, to particles and pathogens. Cumulative results show that …

Asthma is a common respiratory disease, and immune system dysregulation has direct
relevance to asthma pathogenesis. Probiotics and prebiotics have immunomodulatory …

Propolis, a resin produced by honeybees, has long been used as a dietary supplement and
folk remedy, and more recent preclinical investigations have demonstrated a large spectrum …

Abstract Colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R), also known as FMS kinase, is a type
I single transmembrane protein mainly expressed in myeloid cells, such as monocytes …

Asthma is an inflammatory airway disease wherein bronchoconstriction, airway
inflammation, and airway obstruction during asthma attacks are the main problems. It is …

Mitochondria, as the powerhouse organelle of cells, are greatly involved in regulating cell
signaling pathways, including those related to the innate and acquired immune systems …

The discovery of the TLRs family and more precisely its functions opened a variety of gates
to modulate immunological host responses. TLRs 7/8 are located in the endosomal …

The respiratory epithelium is intimately associated with the pathophysiologies of highly
infectious viral contagions and chronic illnesses such as chronic obstructive pulmonary …