Which candidates are more likely to go negative, and under which conditions? We analyze
self-reported survey data from candidates having run in the 2017 German federal election …

A growing body of studies shows that the reasons for competing candidates to “go negative”
on their opponents during elections—that is, attacking their opponents instead of promoting …

It has been well established that politicians attack their competitors to reach their political
goals. As such, there is a considerable amount of literature on their attack behaviour …

Content analyses of televised debates indicate that candidates often attack each other.
Unfortunately, we know very little about when candidates go negative. Furthermore, most …

Though negativity in political debates influences citizens' attitudes towards legislative
institutions, research on how Members of Parliaments (MPs) use negative language remains …

Much work has been done to analyze the consequences of the increasing representation of
women in politics. Usually, this research compares male and female politicians from a …

Negative campaigning presents parties with a collective action problem. While parties would
prefer to have their competitors attacked, potential backlash effects from negative messages …

Drawing on literature about the different television coverage of male and female politicians
and gender-specific leadership behavior, differences in the visibility of female and male …

Negative campaigning has long concerned scholars because of the potential effects on the
electorate and on democracy. Most scholarship has focused on single-election studies in the …

We test if ranked choice voting (RCV) was associated with civil campaigns. For RCV to meet
proponents' expectations about civility in campaigns, candidates would moderate attacks …