The AIDS epidemic has been a global public health issue for more than 40 years and has
resulted in~ 40 million deaths. AIDS is caused by the retrovirus, HIV-1, which is transmitted …

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) of humans is caused by two lentiviruses,
human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2). Here, we describe the …

The transmission of pathogens from wild animals to humans is called “zoonotic spillover”.
Most human infectious diseases (60-75%) are derived from pathogens that originally …

This study investigated the impact of COVID-19 on the insurance industry by studying the
case of Ghana from March to June 2020. With a parallel comparison to previous pandemics …

Thirty years after the discovery of HIV-1, the early transmission, dissemination, and
establishment of the virus in human populations remain unclear. Using statistical …

This review examines the enormous progress that has been made in the past decade in
understanding the origin of HIV, HIV genetic variability, and the impact of global HIV diversity …

In modern applications of molecular epidemiology, genetic sequence data are routinely
used to identify clusters of transmission in rapidly evolving pathogens, most notably HIV-1 …

The emergence of HIV-1 group M subtype B in North American men who have sex with men
was a key turning point in the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Phylogenetic studies have suggested …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) sequences that pre-date the recognition of
AIDS are critical to defining the time of origin and the timescale of virus evolution,. A viral …

Many organisms that cause infectious diseases, particularly RNA viruses, mutate so rapidly
that their evolutionary and ecological behaviours are inextricably linked. Consequently …