Affective polarization captures the extent to which citizens feel sympathy towards partisan in-
groups and antagonism towards partisan out-groups. This is comparatively easy to assess in …

Several scholars in the United States have recently addressed an increased partisan
animosity between Democrats and Republicans, and have termed this phenomenon …

The current debate over the extent of polarization in the American mass public focuses on
the extent to which partisans' policy preferences have moved. Whereas “maximalists” claim …

Abstract Using evidence from Great Britain, the United States, Belgium and Spain, it is
demonstrated in this article that in integrated and divided nations alike, citizens are more …

In this authoritative study, three political scientists demonstrate that identification with
political parties powerfully determines how citizens look at politics and cast their ballots." …

Research in social cognition suggests that individuals employ a variety of cognitive
strategies when processing information. Some of these strategies may function as cognitive …

Democratic elections are designed to create unequal outcomes: for some to win, others
have to lose. This book examines the consequences of this inequality for the legitimacy of …

Democracy is under threat today and scholars agree that the main challenge is not sudden
regime breakdown, but rather the gradual erosion of key institutions and norms because of …

First Published in 2004. Confusion reigns in sociological accounts of the curent condition of
modernity. The story-lines from the'end of the subject'to'a new individualism', from …

Scholars view polarization with trepidation. But polarization may clarify voters' choices and
generate stronger party attachments. The link between party polarization and mass …