In severe COVID-19, the levels of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se), do not
only regulate host immune responses, but modify the viral genome, as well. While low serum …

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 infection can activate innate and adaptive immune …

Free zinc is considered to be the exchangeable and biological active form of zinc in serum,
and is discussed to be a suitable biomarker for alterations in body zinc homeostasis and …

Background Nutritional deficiency is associated with weaken immune system and increased
susceptibility to infection. Among other nutrients, several trace elements have been shown to …

Due to their unique properties and their potential therapeutic and prophylactic applications,
heavy metals have attracted the interest of many researchers, especially during the outbreak …

Trace elements are a group of essential metals or metalloids, which are necessary for life,
and present in minute amounts. Despite substantial researches highlighting the importance …

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to severe financial, clinical, and societal repercussions
and imposed more pressure on the healthcare system of many nations. COVID-19 impacts …

Background Iron is a trace element that possesses immunomodulatory properties and
modulates the proneness to the course and outcome of a diverse viral diseases. This study …

Zinc (Zn) is a vital micronutrient that strengthens the immune system, aids cellular activities,
and treats infectious diseases. A deficiency in Zn can lead to an imbalance in the immune …

The severe acute respiratory distress syndrome-associated coronavirus-2 infection can
activate innate and adaptive immune responses which may lead to harmful tissue damage …