Political socialization describes the process by which citizens crystalize political identities,
values and behavior that remain relatively persistent throughout later life. This chapter …

Why has voter turnout declined in democracies all over the world? This article draws on
findings from microlevel studies and theorizes two explanations: generational change and a …

Field experiments and regression discontinuity designs test whether voting is habit forming
by examining whether a random shock to turnout in one election affects participation in …

Can the diffusion of broadband internet help explain the recent success of populist parties in
Europe? Populists cultivate an anti‐elitist communication style, which, they claim, directly …

Why has turnout in European Parliament (EP) elections remained so low, despite attempts to
expand the Parliament's powers? One possible answer is that because little is at stake in …

This chapter reviews the case of Austria, a country that has implemented a general voting
age of 16 in 2007, in an effort to assess the medium-term real-world impact of this policy …

Potential consequences of lowering voting age to 16 have been discussed in recent
scientific and public debates. This article examines turnout of young voters aged 16 to 17 in …

How does poverty influence political participation? This question has interested political
scientists since the early days of the discipline, but providing a definitive answer has proved …

The hopes that e‐voting would increase voter turnout have not really materialized; any
turnout increases in those countries where Internet voting has been introduced have been …

Voters that come of age at roughly the same time share common influences because of the
specific political context during their formative years. We can therefore assume the errors in …