The numerous beneficial health outcomes associated with the use of metformin to treat
patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), together with data from pre-clinical studies in animals …

Oncogenic activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B
(PKB/AKT), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a frequent event in …

Metformin is a widely used biguanide drug due to its safety and low cost. It has been used
for over 60 years to treat type 2 diabetes at the early stages because of its outstanding ability …

Metformin is the most commonly used treatment to increase insulin sensitivity in insulin-
resistant (IR) conditions such as diabetes, prediabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, and …

The formation and accumulation of methylglyoxal (MGO), a highly reactive dicarbonyl
compound, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, vascular …

Patients with diabetes mellitus have> 2× the risk for developing heart failure (HF; HF with
reduced ejection fraction and HF with preserved ejection fraction). Cardiovascular …

To date, metformin remains the first-line oral glucose-lowering drug used for the treatment of
type 2 diabetes thanks to its well-established long-term safety and efficacy profile. Indeed …

Metformin has been reported to possess antitumor activity and maintain high cytotoxic T
lymphocyte (CTL) immune surveillance. However, the functions and detailed mechanisms of …

Vascular calcification is associated with a significant increase in all-cause mortality and
atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Calcification has been determined to be an active process …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemical species containing oxygen,
controlled by both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense systems. In the heart …