Macrophages are extremely heterogeneous and plastic cells with an important role not only
in physiological conditions, but also during inflammation (both for initiation and resolution) …

Monocytes (Mo) and macrophages (Mϕ) are key components of the innate immune system
and are involved in regulation of the initiation, development, and resolution of many …

The intestinal epithelium can be easily disrupted during gut inflammation as seen in
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. For a long …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a long-term chronic disease, about 20% of IBD patients
deteriorate to colorectal cancer. Currently, there is no radical cure for IBD. Natural plant …

Inflammation is a protective reaction activated in response to detrimental stimuli, such as
dead cells, irritants or pathogens, by the evolutionarily conserved immune system and is …

Background Ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) has received more and more attentions,
because it possesses a lot of beneficial, life-preserving effects in the fields of clinical science …

Succinate is a metabolic intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle within host cells.
Succinate is also produced in large amounts during bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber …

Macrophages, which are functional plasticity cells, have the ability to phagocytize and digest
foreign substances and acquire pro-(M1-like) or anti-inflammatory (M2-like) phenotypes …

Macrophages play a key role in defending against foreign pathogens, healing wounds, and
regulating tissue homeostasis. Driving this versatility is their phenotypic plasticity, which …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex multi-factorial disease for which
physiologically relevant in vitro models are lacking. Existing models are often a compromise …