Background The TLR9 agonist CpG is increasingly applied in preclinical and clinical studies
as a therapeutic modality to enhance tumor immunity. The clinical application of CpG …

Introduction• The mechanisms of Tregs stimulating metastasis and mediating
immunosuppression‐Tregs stimulate cancer metastasis through RANKL‐RANK signal‐TGF …

Interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) is unique among cytokines, as it is considered both as a potent
immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive factor. This complex biology has been …

In 2011, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the first new therapy for melanoma
in more than a decade, ipilimumab (Yervoy). Ipilimumab is a novel antibody that blocks …

Improving adjuvant responses is a promising pathway to develop vaccines against some
pathogens (eg, HIV or dengue). One challenge in adjuvant development is modulating the …

Checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) blockade is considered to be a revolution in cancer therapy,
although most patients (70%–80%) remain resistant to this therapy. It has been …

Cationic liposomes have been used as efficient antigen delivery systems for cancer
vaccination. The current study has investigated whether the incorporation of the helper …

In response to oncogenic threats, tumor suppressor mechanisms that halt cell‐cycle
progression can stimulate immune‐mediated destruction of pre‐malignant and malignant …

Due to the inherent lack of immunogenicity of peptides, it is generally recognized that the
strong inflammatory signals that are required to elicit specific responses against peptide …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are among the fundamental molecules that alert the immune
system to the presence of an infection by recognizing pathogen-associated molecules. Much …