Strategies to therapeutically target the tumor microenvironment (TME) have emerged as a
promising approach for cancer treatment in recent years due to the critical roles of the TME …

The T lymphocyte, especially its capacity for antigen-directed cytotoxicity, has become a
central focus for engaging the immune system in the fight against cancer. Basic science …

Cancer metastases and recurrence after surgical resection remain an important cause of
treatment failure. Here we demonstrate a general strategy to fabricate personalized …

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been shown to play a critical role in tumor
development from initiation to metastasis. EMT could be regarded as a continuum, with …

The term bispecific antibody (bsAb) is used to describe a large family of molecules designed
to recognize two different epitopes or antigens. BsAbs come in many formats, ranging from …

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death across the world. Unlike lung
adenocarcinoma, patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) have not benefitted …

Immune checkpoints are small molecules expressed by immune cells that play critical roles
in maintaining immune homeostasis. Targeting the immune checkpoints cytotoxic T …

Oncolytic viruses can be usefully integrated into tumour immunotherapies, as they target
multiple steps within the cancer–immunity cycle. Oncolytic viruses directly lyse tumour cells …

Ongoing research has revealed that the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is one of the
biggest obstacles in the current cancer therapy. CSCs make an influential function in tumor …

Radiotherapy (RT) is used routinely as a standard treatment for more than 50% of patients
with malignant tumors. The abscopal effect induced by local RT, which is considered as a …