The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions as a quality-control organelle for protein
homeostasis, or “proteostasis”. The protein quality control systems involve ER-associated …

Macular edema consists of intra-or subretinal fluid accumulation in the macular region. It
occurs during the course of numerous retinal disorders and can cause severe impairment of …

Philosophers defined the eye as a window to the soul long before scientists addressed this
cliché to determine its scientific basis and clinical relevance. Anatomically and …

Breakdown of the inner endothelial blood-retinal barrier (BRB), as occurs in diabetic
retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusions, uveitis and other …

Retinal neurodegenerative diseases like age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma,
diabetic retinopathy and retinitis pigmentosa each have a different etiology and …

Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) refers to a pathological condition caused by a direct or
indirect insult to the optic nerves, which often leads to a partial or permanent vision deficit …

Connexins are ubiquitous channel forming proteins that assemble as plasma membrane
hemichannels and as intercellular gap junction channels that directly connect cells. In the …

Complex barriers separate immune-privileged tissues from the circulation. Here, we propose
that cell entry to immune-privileged sites through barriers composed of tight junction …

Purpose: To evaluate patients with diabetic retinopathy using ultra–wide-field fluorescein
angiography and to compare the visualized retinal pathology with that seen on an overly of …

Vascular dysregulation refers to the regulation of blood flow that is not adapted to the needs
of the respective tissue. We distinguish primary vascular dysregulation (PVD, formerly called …