In human cells, the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes engage in a complex interplay to
produce dual-encoded oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes. The coordination …

Human mitochondrial DNA is one of the most simplified cellular genomes and facilitates
compartmentalized gene expression. Within the organelle, there is no physical barrier to …

Until a few decades ago, most of our knowledge of RNA transcription products was focused
on protein-coding sequences, which were later determined to make up the smallest portion …

Mitochondria, one of the most important organelles, represent a crucial subcellular target for
fundamental research and biomedical applications. Despite significant advances in the …

Mitochondrial DNA replication is initiated by the transcription of mitochondrial RNA
polymerase (mtRNAP), as mitochondria lack a dedicated primase. However, the mechanism …

Human mitochondria harbour a circular, polyploid genome (mtDNA) encoding 11
messenger RNAs (mRNAs), two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs) …

Mitochondria reside at the crossroads of catabolic and anabolic metabolism—the essence of
life. How their structure and function are dynamically tuned in response to tissue-specific …

Human mitochondria possess a multi-copy circular genome, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA),
that is essential for cellular energy metabolism. The number of copies of mtDNA per cell, and …

The genomes of peridinin-containing dinoflagellate chloroplasts have a very unusual
organisation. These genomes are highly fragmented and greatly reduced, with most of the …

Comprehensive Summary DNA 5‐formylcytosine (5fC) is a prominent epigenetic
modification within biological systems. Recent investigations have shed light on its pivotal …