BACKGROUND The idea that memory is stored as enduring changes in the brain dates
back at least to the time of Plato and Aristotle (circa 350 BCE), but its scientific articulation …

Long-term memory formation is a major function of sleep. Based on evidence from
neurophysiological and behavioral studies mainly in humans and rodents, we consider the …

Increasing evidence indicates that the brain regulates peripheral immunity, yet whether and
how the brain represents the state of the immune system remains unclear. Here, we show …

Hippocampal activity is critical for spatial memory. Within a fixed, familiar environment,
hippocampal codes gradually change over timescales of days to weeks—a phenomenon …

The distinction between episodic and semantic memory was first proposed in 1972 by Endel
Tulving and is still of central importance in cognitive neuroscience. However, data obtained …

Various cognitive functions have long been known to require the hippocampus. Recently,
progress has been made in identifying the hippocampal neural activity patterns that …

Executing memory-guided behavior requires storage of information about experience and
later recall of that information to inform choices. Awake hippocampal replay, when …

Sharp wave ripples (SPW‐Rs) represent the most synchronous population pattern in the
mammalian brain. Their excitatory output affects a wide area of the cortex and several …

Conscious memory for a new experience is initially dependent on information stored in both
the hippocampus and neocortex. Systems consolidation is the process by which the …

Memory consolidation refers to the transformation over time of experience-dependent
internal representations and their neurobiological underpinnings. The process is assumed …