Landscapes of fear can determine the dynamics of entire ecosystems. In response to
perceived predation risk, prey can show physiological, behavioral, or morphological trait …

Predators can affect parasite–host interactions when directly preying on hosts or their
parasites. However, predators may also have non‐consumptive indirect effects on parasite …

The mere presence of predators or parasites can negatively impact the fitness of prey or
hosts. Exposure to predators during an organism's development can have deleterious …

The “ecology of fear” framework was developed to describe the impacts predators have on
potential prey and prey populations, outside of consumption/predation (ie non-consumptive …

Nonconsumptive effects (NCE) from natural enemy presence are known to change the
behavior, morphology, and development of potential victims. However, the overwhelming …

Parasite ecologists have increasingly recognized that parasites have ecologically significant
roles beyond infection. One mechanism by which parasites influence their communities …