In this paper, we consider downlink low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication systems
where multiple LEO satellites are uniformly distributed over a sphere at a certain altitude …

Abstract The fifth‐generation (5G) technology is seen to be a solution for developing
countries to improve their quality of services in terms of transportation, education, health …

Integrating the terrestrial network with non-terrestrial networks to provide radio access as
anticipated in the beyond 5G networks calls for efficient user association and resource …

In 6G networks and beyond, multiple radio access networks (RANs), including; the satellite,
high altitude platforms, low altitude platforms, and the terrestrial network, will co-exist. These …

Hybrid satellite-terrestrial networks (HSTNs) are considered to be a promising solution in
dealing with coverage and mobility challenges encountered in 5 th generation (5G) …

5G-Advanced and Beyond claims a 3D ecosystem with cooperation between terrestrial and
non-terrestrial networks to achieve seamless coverage, improve capacity, and enable …

This review provides a comprehensive review of past and existing works on 5G systems with
a laser focus on 5G Satellite Integration (SATis5) for commercial and defense applications …

The energy consumption of the fifth generation (5G) of cellular technology is concerning for
the mobile industry and the entire society. To minimize the environmental footprint and …

Satellite‐terrestrial integrated networks (STINs) are considered to be a new paradigm for the
next generation of global communication because of its distinctive merits, such as wide …

Loading the functions of base station on satellite can improve the flexibility of user access
and expand the effective coverage of Satellite-Terrestrial Integrated Network (STIN) …