Aims and Objectives: This article proposes the “scalpel model,” a new model of third and
additional language (L3/Ln) acquisition. The model aims to identify and examine what …

Most human beings grow up speaking more than one language; a lot of us also acquire an
additional language or languages other than our mother tongue. This Element in the Second …

We closely replicated Wu and Ortega (2013), who found that an elicited imitation test (EIT)
reliably distinguished low-level from high-level language abilities among instructed second …

This study investigates the degree to which native-English-speaking learners of Spanish can
generate expectations for information likely to occur in upcoming portions of an unfolding …

The Bottleneck Hypothesis identifies parts of the grammar that are easier or more difficult to
acquire in a second language. It argues that the functional morphology is the bottleneck in …

This study presents new empirical evidence on the L2 acquisition of Spanish SV–VS
contrasts, a syntax-pragmatics interface phenomenon. Results from a context-dependant …

Aims and Objectives: This study examines the syntactic priming of adverb-first word order
among 27 first language (L1) English, 33 L1 German, and 32 L1 German-second language …

Previous research suggests that child HSs' performance in offline linguistic tasks is typically
worse than their age-matched monolingual peers and is modulated by linguistic and child …

The present study investigates whether second language (L2) speakers are sensitive to the
information-structural constraints and frequency distributions at the syntax–discourse …

Research on second-language (L2) acquisition has identified linguistic domains that appear
to be especially difficult to learn—one such sticking point being syntactic structures that …