The world in color presents a dazzling dimension of phenotypic variation. Biological interest
in this variation has burgeoned, due to both increased means for quantifying spectral …

The visual pigments of vertebrates evolved about 500 million years ago, before the major
evolutionary step of the development of jaws. Four spectrally distinct classes of cone opsin …

The jawless fish that were ancestral to all living vertebrates had four spectral cone types that
were probably served by chromatic-opponent retinal circuits. Subsequent evolution of …

Ultraviolet (UV) light occupies the spectral range of wavelengths slightly shorter than those
visible to humans. Because of its shorter wavelength, it is more energetic (and potentially …

This review outlines how eyes of terrestrial vertebrates and insects meet the competing
requirements of coding both spatial and spectral information. There is no unique solution to …

Birds are highly visual animals with complex visual systems. In this article, we discuss the
spectral characteristics and genetic mechanisms of the spectral tuning of avian visual …

The study of coloration in the polyphyletic reptilians has flourished in the last two decades, in
particular with respect to the underlying genetics of colour traits, the function of colours in …

Among vertebrates, teleost eye diversity exceeds that found in all other groups. Their
spectral sensitivities range from ultraviolet to red, and the number of visual pigments varies …

In craniates, opsin‐based photopigments expressed in the eye encode molecular 'light
sensors' that constitute the initial protein in photoreception and the activation of the …

We tested the prediction of the sensory drive hypothesis using four allopatric populations of
the lizard Anolis cristatellus from two distinct environments (ie, mesic and xeric conditions) …