Toll‐like receptors (TLR s) form the major family of pattern recognition receptors (PRR s) that
are involved in innate immunity. Innate immune responses against microorganisms at the …

Preterm birth is defined as delivery before 37 weeks' gestation. In 2010, the incidence of
preterm birth in the United States was 12.3% 1 and ranged from 8% to 12% in developed …

Objective To characterize subgroups of preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM)
and short-term neonatal outcomes based on the presence and absence of intraamniotic …

Objective Progestogen (vaginal progesterone or 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
[17OHP-C]) administration to patients at risk for preterm delivery is widely used for the …

Acute chorioamnionitis is a response to amniotic fluid (AF) infection. However, it remains
unclear whether substantial bacterial propagation in the chorioamniotic membranes (CAMs) …

Objective: Among patients presenting with preterm labor and intact membranes, those with
intra-amniotic inflammation have adverse obstetrical and neonatal outcomes. The diagnosis …

Background Intrauterine infection may play a role in preterm delivery due to spontaneous
preterm labor (PTL) and preterm prolonged rupture of membranes (PPROM). Because …

The preconceptional presence of microbiota in the female and male reproductive organs
suggests that fertilization is taking place in a nonsterile environment and contributes to …

Background Preterm birth has staggering health implications, and yet the causes of most
cases are still unknown. Placental features have been understudied as an etiology for …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles ranging from 20–200 nm to 10 μm in diameter
that are discharged and taken in by many different types of cells. Depending on the nature …