The traditional two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cell culture system (on a flat support) has long
been used in cancer research. However, this system cannot be fully translated into clinical …

Simple Summary For the research and development of drug discovery, it is of prime
importance to construct the three-dimensional (3D) tissue models in vitro. To this end, the …

Three-dimensional multicellular tumor models are receiving an ever-growing focus as
preclinical drug-screening platforms due to their potential to recapitulate major physiological …

The lack of traditional cancer treatments has resulted in an increased need for new clinical
techniques. Standard two-dimensional (2D) models used to validate drug efficacy and …

The exact mechanistic understanding of cancer metastasis continues to be unknown,
although it is a major cause of death worldwide. Along with the tumor mass, the tumor …

Background: Tumorigenesis is attributed to the interactions of cancer cells with the tumor
microenvironment through both biochemical cues and physical stimuli. Increased matrix …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cancer models offer an attractive approach towards
the investigation of tumorigenic phenomena and other cancer studies by providing …

Evolving understanding of structural and biological complexity of tumors has stimulated
development of physiologically relevant tumor models for cancer research and drug …

Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy has changed clinical practice for patients with different
cancers, since these agents have demonstrated a significant improvement of overall survival …

Collagen is the most abundant component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), therefore it
represents an ideal biomaterial for the culture of a variety of cell types. Recently, collagen …