This review discusses the human immune responses to influenza infection with some
insights from studies using animal models, such as experimental infection of mice. Recent …

Among circulating influenza viruses in humans, H3N2 viruses typically evolve faster than
other subtypes and have caused disease in millions of people since emerging in 1968 …

The rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its variants has created a catastrophic impact
worldwide. Several variants have emerged, including B. 1.351 (Beta), B. 1.1. 28/triple mutant …

Antigen conformation shapes CD4+ T-cell specificity through mechanisms of antigen
processing, and the consequences for immunity may rival those from conformational effects …

At the centenary of the 1918 influenza pandemic that took upward of 100 million lives within
1 year [1], the world remains unprepared to prevent a similar catastrophic event from …

Simple Summary Vaccinated mother pigs can pass vaccine protection (immunity) onto their
offspring, but in the case of influenza, the benefit is not clear. Influenza viruses evolve rapidly …

Background: Recent pandemic of coronavirus disease caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-
CoV-2 in humans is the third outbreak by this family of viruses leading to an acute …

Understanding how broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to influenza hemagglutinin (HA)
naturally develop in humans is critical to the design of universal influenza vaccines. Several …

Despite the availability of commercial vaccines which can effectively prevent clinical signs,
porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) continues to remain an economically important swine virus …

Influenza virus have its place in the Orthomyxoviridae family, comprising four types of
viruses namely influenza A, B, C, and D. Several methods are commonly used to diagnose …