Abstract Purpose of Review Atherosclerosis is now considered a chronic inflammatory
disease. Oxidative stress induced by generation of excess reactive oxygen species has …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is initiated by the retention and
accumulation of cholesterol-containing lipoproteins, particularly low-density lipoprotein, in …

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, and atherosclerosis the
principal factor underlying cardiovascular events. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory …

IDO1 (indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1) is a member of a unique class of mammalian haem
dioxygenases that catalyse the oxidative catabolism of the least-abundant essential amino …

The involvement of both oxidative stress and hyperlipaemia in atherosclerosis development
is well established. Oxidative burst is an innate immune response to infection, the latter …

Oxidative stress (OS) refers to the enhancement of oxidation and the decreased of related
antioxidant enzymes activity under pathological conditions, resulting in relatively excess …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease arising from lipids, specifically low-density
lipoproteins, and leukocytes. Following the activation of endothelium with the expression of …

Many remarkable advances have improved our understanding of the cellular and molecular
events in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Chief among these is the accumulating …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the artery wall. Atherosclerotic lesions
contain monocytes, macrophages, smooth muscle cells and T lymphocytes. Here, we review …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is mediated by innate and adaptive
immune responses. The disease is characterized by sub-endothelial accumulation and …