Abstract Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICBs), in addition to targeting CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-
L1, novel targeting LAG-3 drugs have also been approved in clinical application. With the …

Despite the remarkable success of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in melanoma
treatment, resistance to them remains a substantial clinical challenge. Myeloid-derived …

Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the approach to cancer treatment of malignant
tumors by harnessing the body's immune system to selectively target cancer cells. Despite …

Unprecedented breakthroughs have been made in cancer immunotherapy in recent years.
Particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors have fostered hope for patients with cancer …

There is no doubt that significant progress has been made in tumor therapy in the past
decades. However, the discovery of new molecules with potential antitumor properties still …

Cancer develops with unexpected mutations and causes death in many patients. Among the
different cancer treatment strategies, immunotherapy is promising with the benefits of high …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting programmed cell death protein 1 or its ligand
(PD-1/L1) have expanded the treatment landscape against cancers but are effective in only …

Abstract Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and its receptor (IL-2R) are essential in orchestrating immune
responses. Their function and expression in the tumor microenvironment make them …

Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), also called CD279, is coded by the PDCD1 gene
and is constitutively expressed on the surface of immune cells. As a receptor and immune …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have dramatically enhanced the treatment outcomes for
diverse malignancies. Yet, only 15–60% of patients respond significantly. Therefore …