Two different perspectives have informed efforts to explain the link between the brain and
behaviour. One approach seeks to identify neural circuit elements that carry out specific …

The entorhinal cortex (EC) is the brain region that often exhibits the earliest histological
alterations in Alzheimer's disease (AD), including the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and …

The medial entorhinal cortex is part of a neural system for mapping the position of an
individual within a physical environment. Grid cells, a key component of this system, fire in a …

The hippocampus is crucial for spatial navigation and episodic memory formation.
Hippocampal place cells exhibit spatially selective activity within an environment and have …

Humans and animals use mental representations of the spatial structure of the world to
navigate. The classical view is that these representations take the form of Euclidean …

INTRODUCTION Learning induces a dynamic reorganization of brain circuits but the
neuronal mechanisms underlying this process are not well understood. Interregional gamma …

Deep neural networks have achieved impressive successes in fields ranging from object
recognition to complex games such as Go,. Navigation, however, remains a substantial …

BACKGROUND Ever since Edward Tolman's proposal that comprehensive cognitive maps
underlie spatial navigation and, more generally, psychological functions, the question of …

The human ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)/anterior cingulate cortex is implicated in
reward and emotion, but also in memory. It is shown how the human orbitofrontal cortex …

The'cognitive map'hypothesis proposes that brain builds a unified representation of the
spatial environment to support memory and guide future action. Forty years of …