Dispersal is difficult to quantify and often treated as purely stochastic and extrinsically
controlled. Consequently, there remains uncertainty about how individual traits mediate …

We review the literature on spatial host–parasitoid and predator–prey models. Dispersal on
its own is not stabilizing and can destabilize a stable local equilibrium. We identify three …

Sigmoid functional responses may arise from a variety of mechanisms, one of which is
switching to alternative food sources. It has long been known that sigmoid (Holling's Type III) …

Many prey modify traits in response to predation risk and this modification of traits can
influence the prey's resource acquisition rate. A predator thus can have a “nonlethal” impact …

Trait‐mediated interactions (TMIs), in which trophic and competitive interactions depend on
individual traits as well as on overall population densities, have inspired large amounts of …

Quantitative approaches to evolutionary biology traditionally consider evolutionary change
in isolation from an important pressure in natural selection: the demography of coevolving …

A predator–prey model with Holling type II functional response incorporating a constant prey
refuge is investigated. Depending on a constant prey refuge m, which provides a condition …

In this investigation, we offer and examine a predator–prey interacting model with prey
refuge in proportion to both the species and Beddington–DeAngelis functional response. We …

We are concerned with a reaction-diffusion predator–prey model under homogeneous
Neumann boundary condition incorporating prey refuge (proportion of both the species) and …

In this paper, the effects of refuges used by prey on a predator–prey interaction with a class
of functional responses are studied by using the analytical approach. The refuges are …