Introduction The upper respiratory tract is a major route of infection for COVID-19 and other
respiratory diseases. Thus, it appears logical to exploit the nose as administration site to …

The global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines has played a critical role in reducing pandemic
spread, disease severity, hospitalizations, and deaths. However, the first-generation …

One of the most preferable characteristics for a COVID-19 vaccine candidate is the ability to
reduce transmission and infection of SARS-CoV-2, in addition to disease prevention. Unlike …

Understanding mucosal antibody responses from SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination
is crucial to develop strategies for longer term immunity, especially against emerging viral …

Adjuvants, materials added to vaccines to enhance the resulting immune response, are
important components of vaccination that are many times overlooked. While vaccines …

Respiratory infections are a major public health concern caused by pathogens that colonize
and invade the respiratory mucosal surface. Nasal vaccines have the advantage of …

Inducing humoral and cytotoxic mucosal immunity at the sites of pathogen entry has the
potential to prevent the infection from getting established. This is different from systemic …

COVID-19 Vaccines, which include mRNA and inactivated vaccines, have been proven
effective and safe for infants and children aged more than six months in reducing the …

Background Adaptive humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 has mainly been evaluated in
peripheral blood. Human secondary lymphoid tissues (such as tonsils) contain large …

Background In order to prevent the emergence and spread of future variants of concern of
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), developing vaccines …