This review introduces the traditionally defined anatomic compartments of the peripheral
nerves based on light and electron microscopic topography and then explores the cellular …

Calcium and magnesium are the most abundant divalent cations in the body. The plasma
level is controlled by coordinated interaction between intestinal absorption, reabsorption in …

The thick ascending limb (TAL) of Henle's loop drives paracellular Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+
reabsorption via the tight junction (TJ). The TJ is composed of claudins that consist of four …

Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mineral density and structural deterioration of
bone tissue, leading to an increased risk of fractures. It is the most common metabolic bone …

Calcium (Ca2+) and Magnesium (Mg2+) reabsorption along the renal tubule is dependent
on distinct trans-and paracellular pathways. Our understanding of the molecular machinery …

Urolithiasis has been a documented medical affliction since at least ancient Egyptian
civilization, 1 and continues to be responsible for an increasing number of practitioner visits …

Urolithiasis affects approximately 10% of individuals in Western societies by the seventh
decade of life. The most common form, idiopathic calcium oxalate urolithiasis, results from …

Claudins are integral proteins expressed at the tight junctions of epithelial and endothelial
cells. In the mammalian kidney, every tubular segment express a specific set of claudins that …

Dent's disease is an X-linked recessive renal tubulopathy characterized by low-molecular-
weight proteinuria (LMWP), hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, and …

Calcium (Ca2+) is a key constituent in a myriad of physiological processes from intracellular
signalling to the mineralization of bone. As a consequence, Ca2+ is maintained within …