Abstract Background The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus epidemic is hastening the discovery of
the most efficient vaccines. The development of cost-effective vaccines seems to be the only …

Coronavirus 19 Disease (COVID-19) originating in the province of Wuhan, China in 2019, is
caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), whose …

Abstract Unlike conventional Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, intranasal vaccines
display a superior advantage because the nasal mucosa is often the initial site of infection …

Summary The first WHO International Standard and International Reference Panel for anti-
SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin were established by the WHO Expert Committee on …

Since the first described human infection with SARS-CoV-2 in December of 2019 many
subunit protein vaccines have been proposed for use in humans. Subunit vaccines use one …

The importance of understanding SARS-CoV-2 evolution cannot be overlooked. Recent
studies confirm that natural selection is the dominating mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 …

Coronavirus disease, COVID-19, has touched every country globally except five countries
(North Korea, Turkmenistan, Tonga, Tuvalu and Nauru). Vaccination is the most effective …

Gene therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of several diseases, such as chronic
or viral infections, inherited disorders, and cancer. The cellular internalization of exogenous …

Vaccines induce specific long-term immunological memory against pathogens, preventing
the worsening of diseases. The COVID-19 health emergency has caused more than 6 …

Coronavirus disease is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The virus first appeared in Wuhan
(China) in December 2019 and has spread globally. Till now, it affected 269 million people …