Early engagement of the lymphatic system by solid tumors in peripheral, nonlymphoid
tissues is a clinical hallmark of cancer and often forecasts poor prognosis. The significance …

Immune evasion and metabolic reprogramming are two fundamental hallmarks of cancer.
Interestingly, lactate closely links them together. However, lactate has long been recognized …

The accumulation of acidic metabolic waste products within the tumor microenvironment
inhibits effector functions of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). However, it remains …

T lymphocytes (T cells) are divided into two functionally different subgroups the CD4+ T
helper cells (Th) and the CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Adequate CD4 and CD8 T …

It is now well accepted that many tumors undergo a process of clonal selection which means
that tumor antigens arising at various stages of tumor progression are likely to be …

V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is a B7 family member that maintains T
cell and myeloid quiescence and is a promising target for combination cancer …

The overlapping metabolic reprogramming of cancer and immune cells is a putative
determinant of the antitumor immune response in cancer. Increased evidence suggests that …

Cancers undergo sequential changes to proton (H+) concentration and sensing that are
consequences of the disease and facilitate its further progression. The impact of protonation …

Metabolites generated from cellular and tissue metabolism have been rediscovered in
recent years as signalling molecules. They may act as cofactor of enzymes or be linked to …

Cytokines interact with their receptors in the extracellular space to control immune
responses. How the physicochemical properties of the extracellular space influence cytokine …