Introduction: Allostatic load refers to the cumulative burden of chronic stress and life events.
It involves the interaction of different physiological systems at varying degrees of activity …

Stress is defined as a state of threatened homeodynamic balance by a wide range of
intrinsic or extrinsic, real or perceived challenges or stimuli, defined as stressors. To …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a global problem for which current pharmacotherapies
are not completely effective. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction has …

Schizophrenia has been an evolutionary paradox: it has high heritability, but it is associated
with decreased reproductive success. The causal genetic variants underlying schizophrenia …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), first identified in
December 2019, causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is reasonable to presume …

Objectives Exposure to adversity has been linked to accelerated biological aging, which in
turn has been shown to predict numerous physical and mental health problems. In recent …

This review examines the role of trauma in psychiatric morbidity and analogous
psychoneurobiological changes. Trauma is a necessary criterion for Post-Traumatic Stress …

Background Childhood maltreatment has been associated with significant impairment in
social, emotional and behavioural functioning later in life. Nevertheless, some individuals …

Objective: To evaluate the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and
chronic pain during childhood and adolescence. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of the …

Bipolar disorder is a mental health disorder characterized by extreme shifts in mood, high
suicide rate, sleep problems, and dysfunction of psychological traits like self-esteem (feeling …