The genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) results from a
combination of point mutations and genetic recombination, and rates of both processes are …

The diversity of virus populations within single infected hosts presents a major difficulty for
the natural immune response as well as for vaccine design and antiviral drug therapy …

Introduction Globally, prosecutions for non‐disclosure, exposure or transmission of HIV
frequently relate to sexual activity, biting, or spitting. This includes instances in which no …

Abstract Background As of March 11, 2020, the COVID-19 outbreak was declared as a
pandemic. Expending our understanding of the transmission routes of the viral infection is …

Background Sequencing projects have allowed diverse retroviruses and LTR
retrotransposons from different eukaryotic organisms to be characterized. It is known that …

The genome of the retroviruses is a dimer composed by two homologous copies of genomic
RNA (gRNA) molecules of positive polarity. The dimerization process allows two gRNA …

In most pathogens, multiple strains are maintained within host populations. Quantifying the
mechanisms underlying strain coexistence would aid public health planning and improve …

Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), hepatitis B and C and other rapidly evolving
viruses are characterized by extremely high levels of genetic diversity. To facilitate diagnosis …

The evolutionary origins of new lineages of pathogens are fundamental to understanding
emerging diseases. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on DNA sequences has revealed …

Molecular phylogenetics has revolutionized the study of not only evolution but also disparate
fields such as genomics, bioinformatics, epidemiology, ecology, microbiology, molecular …