Purpose Sand flies are the only proven vectors of leishmaniases, a tropical neglected
disease endemic in at least 92 countries. Vector–parasite interactions play a significant role …

Sand flies are the natural vectors for the Leishmania species that produce a spectrum of
diseases in their mammalian hosts, including humans. Studies of sand fly/Leishmania …

Much is now known about the vertebrate mechanisms involved in mucosal immunity, and
the requirement of commensal microbiota at mucosal surfaces for the proper functioning of …

Antimicrobial defensins with the cysteine-stabilized α-helical and β-sheet (CSαβ) motif are
widely distributed in three eukaryotic kingdoms. However, recent work suggests that bacteria …

Defensins are a major family of antimicrobial peptides that serve as the innate immune
defense of both vertebrates and invertebrates. Due to their antimicrobial, chemotactic, and …

Phlebotomine sand flies are hematophagous insects that harbor bacterial, viral and parasitic
agents like Bartonella sp., Phleboviruses and Leishmania spp., respectively. There are few …

For human health, leishmaniasis is among the most important protozoan diseases,
superseded only by malaria. Globally, 10 to 12 million people are infected with 1.5 million …

Millions of people worldwide are affected by leishmaniasis, caused by the Leishmania
parasite. Effective treatment is challenging due to the biological complexity of the parasite …

Understanding the development of Trypanosoma cruzi within the triatomine vector at the
molecular level should provide novel targets for interrupting parasitic life cycle and affect …

3Pathogenie des Trypanosomatidés (UR008), IRD de Montpellier, 911 av Agropolis BP
64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France 4Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory …