Neurological insults, such as congenital blindness, deafness, amputation, and stroke, often
result in surprising and impressive behavioural changes. Cortical reorganisation, which …

The relationship between the brain and the environment is flexible, forming the foundation
for our ability to learn. Here we review the current state of our understanding of the …

We present a new framework characterizing training-induced changes in WM as the
acquisition of novel cognitive routines akin to learning a new skill. Predictions were tested in …

We determined how learning modifies neural representations in primary visual cortex (V1)
during acquisition of a visually guided behavioral task. We imaged the activity of the same …

Perceptions, thoughts, and actions unfold over millisecond timescales, while learned
behaviors can require many days to mature. While recent experimental advances enable …

Many theories of brain function propose that activity in sparse subsets of neurons underlies
perception and action. To place a lower bound on the amount of neural activity that can be …

Reinforcement learning (RL) uses sequential experience with situations (" states") and
outcomes to assess actions. Whereas model-free RL uses this experience directly, in the …

Perception is our key to the world. It plays at least three different roles in our lives. It justifies
beliefs and provides us with knowledge of our environment. It brings about conscious mental …

The degree of confidence in a decision provides a graded and probabilistic assessment of
expected outcome. Although neural mechanisms of perceptual decisions have been studied …

It is controversial whether the adult primate early visual cortex is sufficiently plastic to cause
visual perceptual learning (VPL). The controversy occurs partially because most VPL studies …