The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) marks
the third highly pathogenic coronavirus to spill over into the human population. SARS-CoV-2 …

Abstract Human Coronaviruses (HCoV), periodically emerging across the world, are
potential threat to humans such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS …

The pandemic of COVID-19 has posed an unprecedented threat to global public health.
However, the interplay between the viral pathogen of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, and host …

Type 1 IFNs (IFN-I) generally protect mammalian hosts from virus infections, but in some
cases, IFN-I is pathogenic. Because IFN-I is protective, it is commonly used to treat virus …

The recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS–CoV-2) is
the causative agent of the devastating COVID-19 lung disease pandemic. Here, we tested …

Pulmonary fibrosis is the end stage of a broad range of heterogeneous interstitial lung
diseases and more than 200 factors contribute to it. In recent years, the relationship between …

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has caused human respiratory
infections with a high case fatality rate since 2012. However, the mode of virus transmission …

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a highly lethal respiratory disease caused by a
novel single-stranded, positive-sense RNA betacoronavirus (MERS-CoV). Dromedary …

The source of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic was traced to wildlife
market civets and ultimately to bats. Subsequent hunting for novel coronaviruses (CoVs) led …

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) first emerged in late 2012.
Since its emergence, a total of 2279 patients from 27 countries have been infected across …