Electrodialysis, a membrane separation method, uses an electrical potential difference to
separate ions in aqueous solutions. Electrodialysis is used in several industries for the …

Water resources are getting limited, which emphasises the need for the reuse of wastewater.
The conventional waste (water) treatment methods such as reverse osmosis (RO) and multi …

Although water is essential for human survival and has always been critical to the social and
economic growth of the world, it is unfortunately distributed irregularly worldwide and is …

Microplastics pollution is a modern-day prevalent challenge that poses serious threats to the
general wellbeing and sustainability of the planet. Due to their innately persistent nature …

Pretreatment of raw feed water is an essential step for proper functioning of a reverse
osmosis (RO) desalination plant as it minimizes the risk of membrane fouling. Conventional …

Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic chemicals consisting of
thousands of individual species. PFAS consists of a fully or partly fluorinated carbon–fluorine …

Water scarcity is an increasing problem on every continent, which instigated the search for
novel ways to provide clean water suitable for human use; one such way is desalination …

Current hydrophilic modification strategies improve the antifouling ability of membranes but
fail to completely eliminate the fouling of emulsified oil droplets with a wide size distribution …

Membrane fouling is a major hurdle to effective pressure-driven membrane processes, such
as microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO) …

Fouling is one of the major obstacles to successful membrane-based separations. In
aqueous systems, fouling is well characterised and fouling reduction techniques are …