Evidence has accumulated that cytokines have a fundamental role in the differentiation of
memory T cells. Here, we follow the CD8+ T cell from initial activation to memory-cell …

The immune system of an organism is an essential component of the defense mechanism
aimed at combating pathogenic stress. Age-associated immune dysfunction, also dubbed …

Background: The aging process can lead to a decline in cellular immunity. Therefore, the
elderly could benefit from safe and effective interventions that restore cellular immune …

Background: Aging is associated with reduced numbers of beneficial colonic bifidobacteria
and impaired immunity. Galactooligosaccharides (GOSs) stimulate the growth of …

Elderly humans are more susceptible to bacterial infections because of declining immune
status. We have investigated the effect of aging on neutrophil bactericidal responses …

Elderly humans have compromised humoral and cellular immune responses, which lead to
reduced protection to infectious agents and to vaccines. Currently, available vaccines …

Hepatitis B vaccine is a key tool for the prevention of hepatitis B infection. Age-associated
changes in immune function may contribute to decreased vaccine efficacy in older …

Objective: To investigate the immunological changes caused by severe sepsis in elderly
patients. Design: One-year, prospective observational study. Setting: Emergency department …

Changes in the B-cell repertoire during aging include a shift in antibody specificities from
foreign to autologous antigens associated with a decline in the activity of conventional B2 …

In the armoury of the immune system developed to combat the various micro‐organisms that
could invade the host, the neutrophil forms the first line of defence against rapidly dividing …