The intracellular viral, bacterial, or parasitic pathogens evade the host immune challenges to
propagate and cause fatal diseases. The microbes overpower host immunity at various …

Kala-azar, also known as visceral leishmaniasis (VL), is a disease caused by Leishmania
infantum and L. donovani. Patients experience symptoms such as fever, weight loss …

Connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD) is a severe
manifestation of CTD that leads to significant morbidity and mortality. Clinically, ILD can …

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by lung
injury caused by lung fibroblast proliferation, interstitial inflammation, and fibrosis. Different …

In recent decades, several pieces of evidence have drawn greater attention to the topic of
innate immunity, in particular, interferon (IFN) and Interleukin 6 in the pathogenesis of …

Background and objectives: Cyclophosphamide (CPA) is an alkylating agent that is used for
the management of various types of malignancies and as an immunosuppressive agent for …

Abstract Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) has been linked with fibrosis and neutrophil-associated
thromboinflammation; however, its role in COVID-19 remains elusive. We investigated the …

Background We evaluated the radiological deterioration of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in
patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with abatacept (ABT) or Janus-kinase …

Objective The study explored improvements in pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in a
bovine type II collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease …

Insufficient evidence exists regarding the efficacy of Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKis), a class
of targeted synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (tsDMARDs), in the treatment …