Background: Carboxylesterases (CES) play a critical role in catalyzing hydrolysis of esters,
amides, carbamates and thioesters, as well as bioconverting prodrugs and soft drugs. The …

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling is well established in the pharmaceutical
industry and is accepted by regulatory agencies for the prediction of drug–drug interactions …

Aldehyde oxidase (AO) catalyzes oxidations of azaheterocycles and aldehydes, amide
hydrolysis, and diverse reductions. AO substrates are rare among marketed drugs, and …

Early prediction of human clearance is often challenging, in particular for the growing
number of low-clearance compounds. Long-term in vitro models have been developed …

Aldehyde oxidase (AO) is a cytosolic enzyme that belongs to the family of structurally related
molybdoflavoproteins like xanthine oxidase (XO). The enzyme is characterized by broad …

Characterizing the pharmacokinetic properties of drug candidates represents an essential
task during drug development. In the past, liver microsomes and primary suspended …

The cannabinoids cannabidiol (CBD) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) undergo
extensive oxidative metabolism in the liver. Although cytochromes P450 form the primary …

Clinical features of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury (DILI) are well described in cases
that have been assessed for causality using the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment …

Introduction: Drug metabolism is one of the most important processes involving a drug after
administration. Undesirable pharmacokinetic properties may lead to drug discontinuation. In …

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a cardiovascular disease caused by extensive vascular
remodeling in the lungs, which ultimately leads to death in consequence of right ventricle …