Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other radicals are involved in a variety of biological
phenomena, such as mutation, carcinogenesis, degenerative and other diseases …

Contrary to early views, we now know that systemic inflammatory/immune responses
transmit to the brain. The microglia, the resident “macrophages” of the brain's innate immune …

Microglial activation is an integral part of neuroinflammation associated with many
neurodegenerative conditions. Interestingly, a number of neurodegenerative conditions …

The glial reaction is generally considered to be a consequence of neuronal death in
neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and …

This fully revised second edition provides the only unified synthesis of available information
concerning the mechanisms of higher-order memory formation. It spans the range from …

Drug transport in the central nervous system is highly regulated not only by the blood-brain
and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers but also in brain parenchyma. The novel …

Drug delivery to the brain is highly restricted, since compounds must cross a series of
structural and metabolic barriers to reach their final destination, often a cellular compartment …

• Introduction• Innate immune response in the AD brain‐Microglia‐Astrocyte• Glial cells
mediate the peripheral immune response in AD‐Glial cell interaction with endothelial cells …

Cell death by apoptosis comprises a sequence of events leading to the activation of
caspases. Caspases execute the fragmentation of the cellular protein and DNA, ultimately …

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may play a role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's
disease (AD). MMP-9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are elevated in …