Metformin was first used to treat type 2 diabetes in the late 1950s and in 2022 remains the
first-choice drug used daily by approximately 150 million people. An accumulation of …

The brain requires a continuous supply of energy in the form of ATP, most of which is
produced from glucose by oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, complemented by …

Ageing is the primary risk factor for most neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer
disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD). One in ten individuals aged≥ 65 years has AD …

Biological aging involves an interplay of conserved and targetable molecular mechanisms,
summarized as the hallmarks of aging. Metformin, a biguanide that combats age-related …

Despite its position as the first-line drug for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, the
mechanisms underlying the plasma glucose level-lowering effects of metformin (1, 1 …

The skin is the largest organ and has a key protective role. Similar to any other tissue, the
skin is influenced not only by intrinsic/chronological aging, but also by extrinsic aging …

Astrocytes play key roles in the regulation of brain energy metabolism, which has a major
impact on brain functions, including memory, neuroprotection, resistance to oxidative stress …

Abstract Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a widely prevalent disease with substantial economic and
social impact for which multiple conventional and novel pharmacotherapies are currently …

Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway responsible for clearing
cytosolic aggregated proteins, damaged organelles or invading microorganisms …

A full understanding of Parkinson's Disease etiopathogenesis and of the causes of the
preferential vulnerability of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons is still an unsolved puzzle. A …