Abstract The Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA) is an outstanding optimizer that is appreciably
used to dissolve complicated real-world problems. Nevertheless, this algorithm lacks …

With the rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, the number of sensors in
IoT is proliferating and the monitoring range is expanding. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) …

In radial distribution networks, the unreasonable use of distributed generators (DGs) will
enhance the effects of voltage quality reduction and network loss. Consequently, the optimal …

Cluster routing is a critical routing approach in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However,
the uneven distribution of selected cluster head nodes and impractical data transmission …

A very important in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) field are energy efficiency and network
lifetime. Organizing nodes into clusters, choosing best cluster head, analyzing routing paths …

The previously reported works eg, E-LEACH, and RCH-LEACH have proposed energy-
efficient CH selection methods with coverage enhancement and varying numbers of overall …

The inter-cluster multi-relay routing protocol based on sine cosine algorithm (SCA) and Lévy
mutation for wireless sensor network (WSN) is proposed in this paper. It is the centralized …

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a kind of self-organizing networks by deploying a
large number of wireless sensor nodes in the monitoring area. To satisfy various restricted …

Hierarchical routing is a crucial approach for enhancing the energy efficiency of Wireless
Sensor Networks (WSN). The selection of sensor clusters poses a Non-deterministic …

One of the most important technologies for communication layers in the Internet of Things
(IoTs) is wireless sensor networks (WSNs)[1]. WSN includes a large number of low-power …