Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, and the survival
rate remains low despite advances in diagnosis and treatment. The progression of lung …

Current research has demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) and circulating tumor
cells (CTCs) are very closely related in the process of distant tumor metastasis. Primary …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized particles secreted by most cells. They transport
different types of biomolecules (nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids) characteristic of their …

As an important mediator of information transfer between cells, exosomes play a unique role
in regulating tumor growth, supporting vascular proliferation, tumor invasion, and metastasis …

Lung cancer is a highly prevalent malignancy worldwide and the primary cause of mortality.
The absence of systematic and standardized diagnostic approaches for identifying potential …

Abstract Poliovirus receptor-related 2 (PVRL2, also known as nectin-2 or CD112) is believed
to act as an immune checkpoint protein in cancer; however, most insight into its role is …

Programmed cell death-ligand 1 positive (PD-L1+) exosomes play a crucial role in the realm
of cancer diagnosis and treatment. Nevertheless, due to the intricate nature of biological …

Exosomal programmed death ligand-1 (ExoPD-L1) is a vital marker of immune activation in
the early stages of tumor therapy and it can inhibit anti-tumor immune responses. However …

Exosomes play a crucial role in facilitating intercellular communication within organisms.
Emerging evidence indicates that a distinct variant of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD …

Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) interacts with programmed cell death 1 (PD-1),
leading to T cell exhaustion and promoting tumor cell survival, ultimately mediating …