Influenza viruses usually cause seasonal influenza epidemics and influenza pandemics,
resulting in acute respiratory illness and, in severe cases, multiple organ complications and …

Influenza is a vaccine preventable disease and vaccination remains the most effective
method of controlling the morbidity and mortality of seasonal influenza, especially with …

Introduction Hemagglutinin (HA) is responsible for facilitating viral entry and infection by
promoting the fusion between the host membrane and the virus. Given its significance in the …

Immunization has the potential to become a viable weapon for the upcoming pandemic and
save millions of lives, while also dramatically lowering the high mortality rate brought on by a …

Sialic acids and heparan sulfates make up the outermost part of the cell membrane and the
extracellular matrix. Both structures are characterized by being negatively charged, serving …

COVID-19 is still prevalent around the globe. Although some SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have
been distributed to the population, the shortcomings of vaccines and the continuous …

The environmental conditions generated by war and characterized by poverty,
undernutrition, stress, difficult access to safe water and food as well as lack of environmental …

Avian influenza virus (AIV) poses a significant challenge to poultry production, with negative
repercussions for both the economy and public health worldwide. Since January 2003, a …

Respiratory viral infections, such as coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) and influenza,
cause significant morbidity and mortality and have become a worldwide public health …

Introduction Current vaccines vary widely in both their efficacy against infection and disease,
and the durability of the efficacy. Some vaccines provide practically lifelong protection with a …