Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging as potentially useful platforms in treatment methods for
patients with tumors. They preferentially target and kill tumor cells, leaving healthy cells …

Abstract The interleukin (IL)-2–IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) pathway is important in immunity, but is
also involved in maintenance of self-tolerance. This paradox is further complicated by …

Bifidobacterium represents a genus within the phylum Actinobacteria which is one of the
major phyla in the healthy intestinal tract of humans. Bifidobacterium is one of the most …

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) exerts crucial functions during immune homeostasis via its effects on
regulatory T (Treg) cells, and the optimizing and fine-tuning of effector lymphocyte …

Background Clues supporting the existence of IL-2 emerged in 1976. That year, after
successfully expanding T cells in vitro, Morgan et al.(1976) reported the presence of a T cell …

IL-33 is a recently characterized IL-1 family member that is proposed to function as an
alarmin, or endogenous signal of cellular damage, as well as act as a pleiotropic cytokine …

Antitumor immune responses induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-
L1 have been used as therapeutic strategies in advanced non-small cell lung cancer …

Poor oral hygiene may lead to overgrowth of pathogenic oral bacteria, which may induce
chronic inflammation to promote the oncogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) …

Celiac disease (CeD), caused by immune reactions to cereal gluten, is treated with gluten-
elimination diets. Within hours of gluten exposure, either perorally or extraorally by …

There has been an increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality over the past few
decades, making cardiovascular disease (CVD) the leading cause of death worldwide …